The Effect Of Test On Test Performance - 1003 Words

Study Citation: Kaye, D., Kirschner, P., Mandler, G. (1953). The effect of test anxiety on memory span in a group test situation. Journal Of Consulting Psychology, 17(4), 265-266. doi:10.1037/h0054617 Introduction and review of prior research: The effect of anxiety on test performance has been investigated in several researches but this particular study tried to find out the relationship between anxiety level and test performance by conducting the experiment in a group test situation. In previous studies, the effects of test anxiety level on the individual performance of typical intelligence tasks were shown. In this study, researchers investigated the same effect but in a group test situation and assumed people with low anxiety level would outperform those with higher anxiety level. Design: This is a non-experimental design, more accurate, a correlational design, as subjects took a questionnaire on anxiety and some of those who were identified as Low Anxiety and High Anxiety were chosen and were given a memory span test afterwards. Participants were all from introductory psychology courses which might be a confounding variable as there would be a possibility of good participant effect and bad participant effect, due to the fact that they might have certain knowledge of memory tests. Therefore, they were not told anything about the connection between the anxiety questionnaire and the memory test session in order to eliminate discrepancy in results. An importantShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Standardized Tests On Students Academic Performance1469 Words   |  6 PagesStandardized tests have become the pragmatic form of gauging a child’s intellect, and also have become the major factor in universities accepting applicants. 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We believe that music that has sexist themes will result in low mood states and test results of the females in that conditionRead More The effect of the use of video texts on ESL listening test-taker performance1510 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"The effect of the use of video texts on ESL listening test-taker performance.† While the article itself was based heavily around the experiment conducted to test the effectiveness of video texts in testing listening, Wagner posed very interesting questions which he hoped his findings would portray. Wagner’s first question was the most interesting and asked, â€Å"1. To what extent does the use of video texts on an ESL listening test affect test-taker performance on that test? Do those test-takersRead MoreSleep And Slow Wave Sleep Essay1621 Words   |  7 Pagesyounger adults; however, the older adults’ performance did not improve following sleep, suggesting that sleep dependent memory consolidation decreases with age [8]. 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What percentage of †¨theRead MoreStrategies for Test Taking and Their Effects Essay1045 Words   |  5 PagesBelcher (1985) maintained that test score reflects both the knowledge and aptitude of test takers and the ability of using the characteristics and format of test effectively (as cited in Pour-Mohammadi and Zainol Abidin 2012). Popham Madaus (1987) and Romberg, Williams, Zarrinnia (1989) defined testing as high stakes, because they influence both local and state administrators’ decisions about curriculum, appropriate programs, learners’ promotion (as cited in Herman, Dreyfus, Golan 1990). Pour-MohammadiRead MoreEffects Of Stereotype Threat On Women s Performance1592 Words   |  7 PagesAlleviating The Effects of Stereotype Threat in Women’s Performance in STEM Tasks Stereotyping is a way for individuals to associate a group concept with a specified attribute. The association between two unrelated concepts can become linked via a third concept (e.g. the self). Drawn from this, there are two types of stereotypes, that is, implicit stereotypes and explicit stereotypes. Implicit stereotypes are linked to automatic thinking in the cognitive process, as individuals are not consciouslyRead MorePsychological Factor That Affect Sports Performance997 Words   |  4 Pagesfactor that can affect sports performance and is defined as the level of activation or readiness that an individual will experience when faced with a task (Malpeli 2010, pg. 369). Effective performance requires an athlete to achieve optimal arousal which can be recognised in certain arousal theories (Malpeli 2010, pg. 369). The level of arousal that is considered to be optimal varies among every individual (Abernethy 2013, pg. 304). High arousal can affect performance as it often lead s to more tenseRead MoreConstruct Developed in Psychometrics to Determine Cognitive Abilities971 Words   |  4 Pagescognitive abilities. It is a variable that summarizes positive correlations among various cognitive tasks, which demonstrate an individuals performance at one type of cognitive task tends to be comparable to his or her performance at other kinds of cognitive tasks. The g factor typically accounts for 40 to 50 percent of the variance in IQ test performance, and IQ scores are frequently regarded as estimates of an individuals g factor rating (Kamphaus et al. 2005). The terms IQ, general intelligenceRead MoreTesting Is A Form Of Testing Used By Our Educational System1002 Words   |  5 Pagesstudent takes 112 mandated standardized tests between PreKindergarten and twelfth grade. The use of these tests became mandatory in 2002 as part of the No Child Left Behind Act. Although there are some individuals who support these tests, many parents, students, and teachers exper ience the negative effects year after year. Standardized tests impact students emotionally and do not provide accurate results of a child’s education level or teacher’s performance. They take away from students learning new

The Tortilla Behemoth Through the Sociological Lens

When faced with inexplicable working conditions, one’s first consideration would be to quit their job and to find a new one. In the case of the factory workers at Hacienda Tijuana, a Mexican tortilla factory, that is certainly not the case. Throughout this article, there are many issues that are presented to the reader. This essay is structured to examine three of the main issues. It begins by looking at the exploitation of the women and their lack of rights as workers in the factory. It examines the analytical framework that would be most appropriate for this situation and then progresses to relate many sociological theories to this issue. Next, it examines the mostly negative effects of globalization, modernization and industrialization.†¦show more content†¦This relates to the analytical framework in more than one way. Firstly, the issue of gender inequality and women’s rights fits under the category of Gender-Class/ Ethnicity -Race. This section of the anal ytical framework examines how gender and class intersect and have an immense effect on the targeted person (Hristov, September 6, 2013). The issue of gender inequality goes hand-in-hand with this category due to the fact that the women in the tortilla factory are treated differently based on their gender. This has a great deal to do with their experience and their quality of life whilst at the factory. The first of many instances in which gender inequality is mentioned within the article is when the author is referring to the social structure of the tortilla factory. This is where the first theory comes into play. Max Weber’s term of social stratification greatly relates to this situation because it refers to the â€Å"Inequality between groups in society based on differences in economic resources, social status and political power.† (Hristov, October 4, 2013) Weber examines the way in which social stratification has an effect on the way people of different class syste ms are affected by the power held by the people above them. The author makes it clear that the majority of employees currently working at Hacienda Tijuana are female and that the

Accommodation Report On Australian Cities - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about theAccommodation Report On Australian Cities. Answer: INTRODUCTION This survey report is focused on giving information after an analysis about rent in different parts of Australia. This information is helpful to international travellers and more so international students who seek education in various cities in Australia. It forms a basis of decision making when it comes to choosing the type of accommodation that is suitable for any particular individual. This research depended entirely on secondary data as it did not collect its own information. The data was sourced from department of finance services and innovation of Australia. The data had both numerical variables and nominal variables. Some of the numerical variables were bond amount in dollars and weekly rent in dollars. The sample obtained for this report was not biased but large enough to representative the entire population. The sample size was 400. INTERNATIONAL STUDENTSWEEKLYRENT Descriptive summary of students weekly rent descriptive statistics for weekly rent Mean 18197.98992 Standard Error 17785.78627 Median 395 Mode 0 Standard Deviation 354379.2809 Sample Variance 1.25585E+11 Kurtosis 396.9994654 Skewness 19.92483878 Range 7061367 Minimum 0 Maximum 7061367 Sum 7224602 Count 397 Table 1 As can be observed from the table above, the mean weekly rent in dollars is 18197.99. The maximum rent charged weekly in dollars is 7,061,367 Distribution The data set is skewed to the right so much. This is because it has a skewness value of 19.92. It can also be seen that the distribution is highly kurtic. This means that it has a very sharp apex on its curve. This could be due to having very extreme high values like outliers which then affect the measures of central tendencies of the data such as mean, mode and median. To check for the presence of outliers, a scatter plot of the data was generated and is as below. Figure 1 As can be observed from figure 1 above, there is an extremely large value in the data set. This value is 7,061,367 dollars. This value makes the measures of central tendencies such as the mean not to depict the real picture of the data since they are adversely affected by this extreme value. Therefore the mean rent could be much lower than what is given in the descriptive table. To get the real mean rent that can be used as a basis of making decision for students who want accommodation, then this extreme value is omitted. Rental dwelling type Summary table and graph for rental dwelling type Row Labels Count of Premises wellingType 1 F 123 H 132 NULL 106 O 7 T 31 Grand Total 400 Table 2 The table above shows the number of different types of accommodation spread in Australia cities. It can be observed that most of them are houses (H). They are 132 in number followed by flats (F) which are 123 out of 400. The least number of residential were of type T which was 31 in number. These numbers could be informed by the interest by the demand of those types of residential. Figure 2 The graph above is a pictorial view of the distribution of various residential in Australia. It is just to complement the table above. Hypothesis for proportion of house dwelling type. Hypothesis H0: The proportion of house dwelling type is less than 10%. Versus H1: The proportion of house dwelling type is not less than 10%. From the established proportion above, it can be seen that the proportion of house dwelling type is 33%. We are therefore guided to reject the null hypothesis and accept the alternative that the proportion of house dwelling type is not less than 10%. Relationship between dwelling place and suburb Count of Premises_Suburb Column Labels Row Labels AUBURN PARRAMATTA RANDWICK SIDNEY Grand Total 1 1 F 33 12 34 44 123 H 32 18 35 47 132 NULL 28 20 21 37 106 O 1 2 2 2 7 T 12 3 8 8 31 Grand Total 107 55 100 138 400 Table 3 Figure 3 The table and graph above show the distribution of various types of houses spread in various cities in Australia. It can be observed that most of them were found to be in the city of Sidney (138). This is followed by the number of residential in Auburn. The city that had the least number of accommodations was Parramatta. This could be due to the fact that the houses were expensive though further research is needed to establish the same. Suggestions I would suggest to anyone who want to rent a house instead of a flat to rent in the city of Sidney. This is because there are more houses there compared to the other cities. This could be explained by reasons such as presence of cheap houses and security. 2-bedroom rent analysis Average weekly rent for 2-bedrooms across the suburbs SUBURB AVERAGE WEEKLY RENT AUBURN $365 PARRAMATTA $410 RANDWICK $370 SIDNEY $362 Table 4 Graphical representation of average weekly rent in the four suburbs Figure 4 The table and graph above show the average weekly rent for various accommodation across the cities in Australia. It can be observed that the highest mean accommodation was being charged in Parramata (410 dollars) while the least was being charged in Auburn (365 dollars). Hypothesis test for difference in weekly rent for 2-bedrooms across the four suburbs Since the variables are more than two, an ANOVA test is employed instead of t-test to test for the difference in the means. Hypothesis H0: There is no difference in weekly rent for 2-bedrooms in the 4 suburbs Versus H1: There is a significant difference in the weekly rent for 2-bedrooms in the 4 suburbs At 5% level of significance Anova: Single Factor SUMMARY Groups Count Sum Average Variance AUBURN 31 11325 365.3226 31671.56 PARRAMATTA 16 6560 410 16856.67 RANDWICK 30 11090 369.6667 24165.4 SIDNEY 46 16655 362.0652 13228.42 ANOVA Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit Between Groups 29060.68 3 9686.894 0.461267 0.70986 2.680811 Within Groups 2499072 119 21000.61 Total 2528133 122 Table 5 From the analysis of variance results in the table above, it can be observed that the p-value (.71) is greater than the confidence level. We are guided therefore to reject the alternative and accept the null hypothesis. The conclusion is that there is no significant difference in weekly rent for the 2-bedroom houses across the 4 suburbs. Suggestion on renting in the 4 suburbs Any new student can be advised to rent accommodation in the city of Sidney since it appears cheaper there compared to the rates in the other three cities. This is confirmed by the averages calculated in table 4. Relationship and correlation weekly rent and bond amount Test for relationship between weekly rent and bond amount. Figure 4 Test for correlation between bond amount and weekly rent Bond Amount Premises Weekly Rent Bond Amount 1 Premises Weekly Rent 0.05942873 1 Table 6 The correlation test above between bond amount and weekly rent shows that there is insignificant relationship between the two variables. This is explained by the correlation coefficient which is .06. This could mean that the two variables are independent of each other. Conclusion From the analyses above, it can be concluded that weekly accommodation rates are almost the same in all the four cities in Australia. This is so since there was no wide variance among them. An analysis of variance performed on the rates of 2-bedrooms also suggested that there is no significant difference in the rates of the same 2-bedrooms across the four cities in Australia. The research has also informed that bond amounts and weekly rents do not affect each other and that they are independent.

What Determines Economic Growth an Example of the Topic Economics Essays by

What Determines Economic Growth? Economic growth is the increase in aggregate output between two distinct periods of time (Romer). Leading to a general improvement in the standard of living, the economic growth of a nation is typically believed to be caused by several growth factors working in tandem. These growth factors may include the growing literary rate among a population, the opening of the trading environment, the beginning of a market economy, the opening of international markets, and the efficient use of natural and human resources (Pritchett). Need essay sample on "What Determines Economic Growth?" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed The industrialization of a nation is a significant part of economic growth, seeing that it means that a nation has begun to use its resources more efficiently, thereby recovering from a stagnating or depressed state (Rosenstein-Rodan). By utilizing more of its brain power, a nation that develops machinery to reduce labor costs and cut the time used in manufacturing, is said to have economically grown. The effects of industrialization show up soon enough. A country that becomes industrialized increases its aggregate output automatically. This is because machines are quicker at doing monotonous tasks that human beings or labor finds tedious. In the business world, time is money. Hence, anything that reduces costs by shortening the time used in producing goods and services, would lead to economic growth. Education works in a similar manner. A country that has raised its literacy rate will have more people that know enough to find better ways of reducing costs and increasing output. Increased output means that the country would be able to sell more of its products and services to its own consumers as well as outsiders. And, of course, increased sales translate into greater profits. These profits may then be used to build better machinery, or they may be invested in educating more people in the nation. Thus, economic growth turns into a given. According to Paul Romer: Economic growth occurs whenever people take resources and rearrange them in ways that are more valuable. A useful metaphor for production in an economy comes from the kitchen. To create valuable final products, we mix inexpensive ingredients together according to a recipe. The cooking one can do is limited by the supply of ingredients, and most cooking in the economy produces undesirable side effects. As in the case of education human beings are not only the cooks of the economy, but also the ingredients in the kitchen of the economy. By using our human resources the same way over and over again, without change, the economy would meet with stagnation rather than growth. Learning and growth are interconnected, and hence, an economy that uses successful models to transform itself by following its models, is most likely to meet with economic growth even if it fails in its first attempt to successfully apply model behavior. A nation may decide, for example, that it would create a market economy out of its crumbling command economy. The new market economy may not thrive in the short run. However, by giving free rein to market forces of demand and supply, the nation may actually find its economy growing in the long run. This is because competing firms in the market economy would produce better quality of goods and services for all. Moreover, competing firms tend to lower the prices of products and services, thereby making it easier for consumers both local as well as foreign to purchase in greater quantities. Lant Pritchett writes that the United States of America had a steady economic growth rate for more than a century. This means that the nation was constantly growing in terms of efficiency in its utilization of resources. Whether the United States was also seeing a steady growth in literacy during this period, or combining this growth factor with technological innovations in its methods of production, the fact remains that several growth factors may be contributing to this steady growth rate through a process of evolution whereby these factors saw a consistent improvement in their utilization. To put it another way, development has to continue in order for an economy to keep on growing. This is the reason why humanity did not stop after the first steam engine during the most important period of industrialization. Rather, human beings imagined the uses of the steam engine to improve their standards of living. And after using the steam engine in the imagined ways, humanity thought of mo re innovations and uses. This, indeed, is the major determinant of economic growth the desire to improve and reach our highest potential. Evolution on the path of improvement is mandated by economic growth. Paul Rosenstein-Rodan refers to reaching the optimum size of industrial enterprises. Before the industrial enterprises reach the optimum size, however, there has to be a vision. And, as we have seen from the example of the United States, there really is no upper limit to economic growth. An economy may continue growing indefinitely. And so, in the long run, there may actually be no optimum size of industrial enterprises either. Works Cited Pritchett, Lant. A Toy Collection, a Socialist Star and a Democratic Dud? (Growth Theory, Vietnam, and the Philippines). Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, 27 September 2001. Romer, Paul M. Economic Growth. In The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics. (David R. Henderson, ed.). Liberty Fund, 2007. Rosenstein-Rodan, Paul. Problems of Industrialization of Eastern and South-eastern Europe. Rosenstein-Rodan on Eastern Europe (1943). University College, London.